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<title>Joshua Chamberlain</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joshua Chamberlain</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joshua L. Chamberlain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chamberlain in the 1860s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">32nd <a href="Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>January 2, 1867 – January 4, 1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Samuel_Cony" title="Samuel Cony">Samuel Cony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sidney_Perham" title="Sidney Perham">Sidney Perham</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th President of <a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1871–1883</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Samuel_Harris_(theologian)" title="Samuel Harris (theologian)">Samuel Harris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="William_De_Witt_Hyde" title="William De Witt Hyde">William De Witt Hyde</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1828-09-08</span>)</span>September 8, 1828<br><a href="Brewer%2C_Maine" title="Brewer, Maine">Brewer, Maine</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 24, 1914<span style="display:none">(1914-02-24)</span> (aged 85)<br><a href="Portland%2C_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, Maine, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Pine Grove Cemetery, <a href="Brunswick%2C_Maine" title="Brunswick, Maine">Brunswick, Maine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="Fanny_Chamberlain" title="Fanny Chamberlain">Fanny Chamberlain</a></div>

<div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1855; died 1905)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Joshua_L._Chamberlain_Museum" title="Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum">Brunswick, Maine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a>, <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Soldier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>"Lion of the Round Top"</i><br><i>"Bloody Chamberlain"</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1862–1866</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Maine" title="Maine"></a></span></span> <a href="20th_Regiment_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Regiment Maine Volunteer Infantry">20th Regiment Maine Volunteer Infantry</a></li>

<li>3rd Brigade, 1st Division, <a href="V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li>

<li>1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps</li>

<li>1st Division, V Corps</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>

<ul><li><a href="Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_White_Oak_Road" title="Battle of White Oak Road">Battle of White Oak Road</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Battle of Five Forks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</b> (born <b>Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain</b>, September 8, 1828 – February 24, 1914)<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American college <a href="Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> and politician from <a href="Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> who volunteered during the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> to join the <a href="Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. He became a highly respected and decorated Union <a href="Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a>, reaching the rank of <a href="Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> (and <a href="Brevet_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>). He is best known for his gallantry at the <a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, leading a bayonet charge, for which he was awarded the <a href="Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.

</p><p>Chamberlain was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the <a href="20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment">20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> in 1862, and fought at the <a href="Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>. He became commander of the regiment in June 1863 when losses at the <a href="Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> elevated the original commander, Colonel <a href="Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>, to brigade command.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_second_day" title="Battle of Gettysburg, second day">second day's fighting</a> at Gettysburg on July 2, Chamberlain's regiment occupied the extreme left of the Union lines at <a href="Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a>. Chamberlain's men withstood repeated assaults from the <a href="15th_Alabama_Infantry_Regiment" title="15th Alabama Infantry Regiment">15th Alabama Infantry Regiment</a> and finally drove the Confederates away with a downhill bayonet charge. Chamberlain was severely wounded while commanding a brigade during the <a href="Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a> in June 1864, and was given what was intended to be a deathbed promotion to brigadier general. In April 1865, he fought at the <a href="Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Battle of Five Forks</a> and was given the honor of commanding the Union troops at the surrender ceremony for the infantry of <a href="Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army</a> at <a href="Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>, Virginia.

</p><p>After the war, he entered politics as a <a href="United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> and served four one-year terms of office as the <a href="List_of_Governors_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maine">32nd Governor of Maine</a> from 1867 to 1871. After leaving office, he returned to his <i><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a></i>, <a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>, serving as its president until 1883. He died in 1914 at age 85 due to complications from the wound that he received at Petersburg.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

<p>Chamberlain was born in <a href="Brewer%2C_Maine" title="Brewer, Maine">Brewer, Maine</a>, the son of Sarah Dupee (née Brastow) and Joshua Chamberlain, on September 8, 1828. Chamberlain was of English ancestry and his family could be traced back to twelfth-century England, during the reign of <a href="Stephen%2C_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">King Stephen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain's great-grandfather Ebenezer, was a New Hampshire soldier in the <a href="French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, and the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Chamberlain's grandfather, Joshua, was a ship builder and colonel during the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, notably involved at the <a href="Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Battle of Hampden</a>, before moving his family to a Brewer farm in 1817. Chamberlain's father Joshua served as a lieutenant colonel in the <a href="Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ww_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chamberlain was the first of five children. His father named him after <a href="James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a>, and favored a military career for his son, while Chamberlain's mother wanted him to become a minister. Chamberlain became a member of the Congregational Church in Brewer in the mid-1840s, and attended Major Whiting's military academy in Ellsworth. Chamberlain then taught himself Greek so he could be admitted to <a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> in 1848. At college, Chamberlain was a member of the <a href="Peucinian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Peucinian Society">Peucinian Society</a>, <a href="Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>, and the <a href="Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> fraternity. He taught Sunday school in Brunswick during his freshman and sophomore years, and led the choir at the Congregational Church-First Parish Church during his Junior and Senior years. Chamberlain graduated in 1852, then entered the <a href="Bangor_Theological_Seminary" title="Bangor Theological Seminary">Bangor Theological Seminary</a> for three years of study. He remained a Calvinist and a conservative Congregationalist throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides studying Latin, German, history and grammar, Chamberlain mastered French, Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac.<sup id="cite_ref-ww_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On December 7, 1855, Chamberlain married <a href="Fanny_Chamberlain" title="Fanny Chamberlain">Fanny Adams</a>, cousin and adopted daughter of a local clergyman. Their first child was a girl named Grace Dupee, born on October 16, 1856. Their son Harold Wylls was born on October 10, 1858. A second and fourth child died early. In the fall of 1855, Chamberlain returned to Bowdoin, and began a career in education, first as an instructor in logic and natural theology, then as <a href="Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> of <a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and oratory. He eventually went on to teach every subject in the curriculum with the exception of science and <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In 1861 he was appointed professor of modern languages, which he held until 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ww_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3></div>

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<p>At the beginning of the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Chamberlain believed the Union needed to be supported against the Confederacy by all those willing. On several occasions, Chamberlain spoke freely of his beliefs during his class, urging students to follow their hearts in regards to the war while maintaining that the cause was just. Of his desire to serve in the War, he wrote to Maine's Governor <a href="Israel_Washburn_Jr." title="Israel Washburn Jr.">Israel Washburn, Jr.</a>, "I fear, this war, so costly of blood and treasure, will not cease until men of the North are willing to leave good positions, and sacrifice the dearest personal interests, to rescue our country from desolation, and defend the national existence against treachery."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many faculty at Bowdoin did not feel his enthusiasm for various reasons and Chamberlain was subsequently granted a leave of absence (supposedly to study languages for two years in <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>). He then promptly enlisted unbeknownst to his family and those at Bowdoin. Offered the <a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonelcy</a> of the <a href="20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment">20th Maine Regiment</a>, he declined, according to his biographer, John J. Pullen, preferring to "start a little lower and learn the business first."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> of the regiment on August 8, 1862, under the command of <a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col.</a> <a href="Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>. The 20th was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, <a href="V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> in the Union <a href="Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>. One of Chamberlain's younger brothers, <a href="Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">Thomas Chamberlain</a>, was also an officer of the 20th Maine, and another, John Chamberlain, visited the regiment at Gettysburg as a member of the <a href="U.S._Christian_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Christian Commission">U.S. Christian Commission</a> until appointed as a chaplain in another Maine Volunteer regiment.

</p><p>The 20th Maine fought at the <a href="Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>, suffering relatively small numbers of casualties in the assaults on Marye's Heights, but were forced to spend a miserable night on the freezing battlefield among the many wounded from other regiments. Chamberlain chronicled this night well in his diary and went to great length discussing his having to use bodies of the fallen for shelter and a pillow while listening to the bullets zip into the corpses.

</p><p>The 20th missed the <a href="Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> in May 1863 due to an outbreak of <a href="Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in their ranks (which was caused by an errant smallpox vaccine), keeping them on guard duty in the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain was promoted to <a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> of the regiment in June 1863 upon the promotion of Ames.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</h4></div>

</div></div>

<p>Chamberlain became most famous for his achievements during the <a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. On July 2, the <a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg%2C_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">second day of the battle</a>, Union forces were recovering from initial setbacks and hastily regrouping into defensive positions on a line of hills south of the town. Sensing the momentary vulnerability of the Union forces, the Confederates began an attack against the Union left flank. Chamberlain's brigade, commanded by Col. <a href="Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Strong Vincent</a>, was sent to defend <a href="Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a> by the army's Chief of Engineers, Brig. Gen. <a href="Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>. Chamberlain found himself and the 20th Maine at the far left end of the entire Union line. He quickly understood the strategic significance of the small hill, and the need for the 20th Maine to hold the Union left at all costs. The men from Maine waited until troops from the <a href="15th_Alabama_Infantry_Regiment" title="15th Alabama Infantry Regiment">15th Alabama Infantry Regiment</a>, commanded by Col. <a href="William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">William C. Oates</a>, charged up the hill, attempting to flank the Union position. Time and time again the Confederates struck, until the 20th Maine was almost doubled back upon itself. With many casualties and ammunition running low, Col. Chamberlain recognized the dire circumstances and ordered his left wing (which was now looking southeast, compared to the rest of the regiment, which was facing west) to initiate a bayonet charge. From his report of the day: "At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough." While battlefield conditions make it unlikely that many men heard Chamberlain's order, most historians believe he initiated the charge.

</p><p>The 20th Maine charged down the hill, with the left wing wheeling continually to make the charging line swing like a hinge, thus creating a simultaneous <a href="Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">frontal assault</a> and <a href="Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuver</a>, capturing 101 of the Confederate soldiers and successfully saving the flank. This version of the battle was popularized by the book <i><a href="The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> and the movie <i><a href="Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i>. Chamberlain sustained one slight wound in the battle, when a shot hit his scabbard and bruised his thigh. After initiating the maneuver, he came upon a Confederate officer wielding a revolver who quickly fired, narrowly missing his face. Chamberlain remained steadfast, and with his sword at the officer's throat accepted the man's arms and surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pistol Chamberlain captured at Gettysburg can still be seen on display in the Civil War exhibit of the <a href="Maine_State_Museum" title="Maine State Museum">Maine State Museum</a>. For his tenacity at defending Little Round Top, he was known by the sobriquet <i>Lion of the Round Top.</i> Prior to the battle, Chamberlain was quite ill, developing malaria and dysentery. Later, due to this illness, he was taken off active duty until he recovered.

</p><p>For his actions that day, Chamberlain was awarded the <a href="Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Medal_of_Honor_citation">Medal of Honor citation</h5></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 2 July 1863, while serving with 20th Maine Infantry, in action at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, for daring heroism and great tenacity in holding his position on the Little Round Top against repeated assaults, and carrying the advance position on the Great Round Top.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</h4></div>

<p>In April 1864, Chamberlain returned to the Army of the Potomac and was promoted to brigade commander shortly before the <a href="Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a> and given command of the 1st Brigade, First Division, V Corps. In a major action on June 18, during the <a href="Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">Second Battle of Petersburg</a>, Chamberlain was shot through the right hip and groin, the bullet exiting his left hip. Despite the injury, Chamberlain withdrew his sword and stuck it into the ground in order to keep himself upright to dissuade the growing resolve for retreat. He stood upright for several minutes until he collapsed and lay unconscious from loss of blood. The wound was considered mortal by the division's surgeon, who predicted he would perish; Chamberlain's incorrectly recorded death in battle was reported in the Maine newspapers, and Lt. Gen. <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> gave Chamberlain a battlefield promotion to the rank of brigadier general after receiving an urgent recommendation on June 19 from corps commander Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren: "He has been recommended for promotion for gallant and efficient conduct on previous occasion and yesterday led his brigade against the enemy under most destructive fire. He expresses the wish that he may receive the recognition of his services by promotion before he dies for the gratification of his family and friends." Not expected to live, Chamberlain displayed surprising will and courage, and with the support of his brother Tom, was back in command by November. Although many, including his wife Fanny, urged Chamberlain to resign, he was determined to serve through the end of the war.

</p><p>In early 1865, Chamberlain regained command of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of V Corps, and he continued to act with courage and resolve. On March 29, 1865, his brigade participated in a major skirmish on the Quaker Road during Grant's final advance that would finish the war. Despite losses, another wound (in the left arm and chest that almost caused amputation), and nearly being captured, Chamberlain was successful and brevetted to the rank of major general by President Abraham Lincoln. Chamberlain gained the name "Bloody Chamberlain" at Quaker Road. Chamberlain kept a Bible and framed picture of his wife in his left front chest pocket. When a Confederate shot at Chamberlain, the bullet went through his horse's neck, hit the picture frame, entered under Chamberlain's skin in the front of his chest, traveled around his body under the skin along the rib, and exited his back. To all observers Union and Confederate, it appeared that he was shot through his chest. He continued to encourage his men to attack.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appomattox">Appomattox</h4></div>

<p>On the morning of April 9, 1865, Chamberlain learned of the desire by General <a href="Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> to surrender the <a href="Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> when a Confederate staff officer approached him under a flag of truce. "Sir," he reported to Chamberlain, "I am from <a href="John_Brown_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown Gordon">General Gordon</a>. General Lee desires a cessation of hostilities until he can hear from General Grant as to the proposed surrender."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Chamberlain was summoned to Union headquarters where Maj. Gen. <a href="Charles_Griffin" title="Charles Griffin">Charles Griffin</a> informed him that he had been selected to preside over the parade of the Confederate infantry as part of their formal surrender at <a href="Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a> on April 12.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chamberlain was thus responsible for one of the most poignant scenes of the American Civil War. As the Confederate soldiers marched down the road to surrender their arms and colors, Chamberlain, on his own initiative, ordered his men to come to attention and "carry arms" as a show of respect. In memoirs written forty years after the event, Chamberlain described what happened next:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gordon, at the head of the marching column, outdoes us in courtesy. He was riding with downcast eyes and more than pensive look; but at this clatter of arms he raises his eyes and instantly catching the significance, wheels his horse with that superb grace of which he is master, drops the point of his sword to his stirrup, gives a command, at which the great Confederate ensign following him is dipped and his decimated brigades, as they reach our right, respond to the 'carry.' All the while on our part not a sound of trumpet or drum, not a cheer, nor a word nor motion of man, but awful stillness as if it were the passing of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Chamberlain stated that his <a href="Salute" title="Salute">salute</a> to the Confederate soldiers was unpopular with many Unionists, but he defended his action in his posthumously published 1915 memoir <i><a href="The_Passing_of_the_Armies" title="The Passing of the Armies">The Passing of the Armies</a></i>. Gordon, in his own memoirs, called Chamberlain "one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal Army." Arguing that Gordon never mentioned the anecdote until after he read Chamberlain's account more than 40 years later,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least one writer has questioned the historicity of Chamberlain and Gordon's account (e.g., S.C. Gwynne, <i>Hymns of the Republic: The Story of the Final Year of the American Civil War</i> (p. 298)), but eminent historians such as James McPherson believe that the events in question occurred as Chamberlain described (e.g., ' 'James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom' ' (p. 850)).

</p><p>In all, Chamberlain served in 20 battles and numerous skirmishes, was cited for bravery four times, had six horses shot from under him, and was wounded six times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_service">Post-war service</h2></div>

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<p>Chamberlain left the U.S. Army soon after the war ended, going back to his home state of Maine. Due to his immense popularity, he served as <a href="Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> for four one-year terms after he won election as a <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. His victory in 1866 set the record for the most votes and the highest percentage for any Maine governor by that time. He would break his own record in 1868. During his time in office, he was attacked by those angered by his support for capital punishment and by his refusal to create a special police force to enforce the prohibition of alcohol.

</p>

<caption>1866 Maine Governor Election

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%

</th></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Joshua Chamberlain

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">69,637

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">62.4

</td></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Eben F. Pillsbury

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">41,947

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">37.6

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<caption>1867 Maine Governor Election

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%

</th></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Joshua Chamberlain

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">57,322

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">55.5

</td></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Eben F. Pillsbury

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">45,990

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">44.5

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<caption>1868 Maine Governor Election

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%

</th></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Joshua Chamberlain

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">75,523

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">72.1

</td></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Eben F. Pillsbury

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">29,264

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">27.9

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<caption>1869 Maine Governor Election

</caption>

<th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">%

</th></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Joshua Chamberlain

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">54,314

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">55.4

</td></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">Franklin Smith

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">39,033

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">39.8

</td></tr>

</td>

<td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a>

</td>

<th scope="row" style="text-align: left; font-weight:normal; color:inherit; background:inherit;" class="fn">N.G. Hitchborn

</th>

<td style="text-align:right">4,736

</td>

<td style="text-align:right">4.8

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<p>In January 1880, there was a dispute about who was the newly elected governor of Maine, and the <a href="Maine_State_House" title="Maine State House">Maine State House</a> was occupied by a band of armed men. The outgoing governor, <a href="Alonzo_Garcelon" title="Alonzo Garcelon">Alonzo Garcelon</a>, summoned Chamberlain, the commander of the Maine Militia, to take charge. Chamberlain sent home the armed men, and arranged for the Augusta police to keep control. He stayed in the State House most of the twelve-day period until the <a href="Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Maine Supreme Judicial Court</a>'s decision on the election results was known. During this time, there were threats of assassination and kidnapping, and on one occasion, he went outside to face down a crowd of 25–30 men intending to kill him, and both sides offered bribes to appoint him a United States senator. Having gratified neither side in the dispute, he did not become a senator, and his career in state politics ended.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>After leaving political office, he returned to <a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>. He was originally offered the presidency of the <a href="University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">new state university in Orono</a>, but declined, hoping for the same position at his alma mater. That came in 1871, he was appointed president of Bowdoin and remained in that position until 1883, when he was forced to resign because of ill health from his war wounds. He also served as an ex-officio trustee of nearby <a href="Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> from 1867 to 1871.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div>

<p>After resigning from Bowdoin in 1883, he went to <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to practice law.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nie_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlain served as <a href="Marine_surveyor" title="Marine surveyor">Surveyor of the Port</a> of <a href="Portland%2C_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>, a federal appointment, and engaged in business activities, including real estate dealings in <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1885) and a college of art in New York, as well as hotels. He traveled to the <a href="United_States_West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="United States West Coast">West Coast</a> to work on railroad building and public improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-ea_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of his serious wound in 1864 until his death, he was forced to wear an early form of a <a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> with a bag and underwent six operations to try to correct the original wound and stop the fevers and infections that plagued him, without success.

</p>

<p>In 1893, 30 years after the battle that made the 20th Maine famous, Chamberlain was awarded the <a href="Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for his actions at Gettysburg. The citation commends him for his "Daring heroism and great tenacity in holding his position on the Little Round Top against repeated assaults, and carrying the advance position on the Great Round Top." As in many other Civil War actions, controversy arose when one of his subordinate officers stated that Chamberlain never actually ordered a charge at Gettysburg. The claim never seriously affected Chamberlain's fame or notability however. This original medal was lost, and later rediscovered in 2013, and donated to the Pejepscot Historical Society in Brunswick, Maine. A second, redesigned medal issued in 1904 is currently housed at Bowdoin College.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1898, Chamberlain at the age of 70, volunteered to command US Army forces in the Spanish American War. Despite the support of Acting Secretary of War <a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell Alger</a> and President <a href="William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, he was passed over due to health issues. Ironically, his principal opponent at Gettysburg, <a href="William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">William C. Oates</a>, was appointed in his place as a Brigadier General of US Volunteers.

</p><p>Chamberlain purchased <a href="Crow_Island%2C_Harpswell%2C_Maine" title="Crow Island, Harpswell, Maine">Crow Island</a> in 1901, which was within view of his Donhegan estate on <a href="Casco_Bay" title="Casco Bay">Casco Bay</a> in Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-Pols_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pols-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1905, Chamberlain became a founding member of the Maine Institution for the Blind, in Portland, now called The Iris Network. Chamberlain's wife herself was visually impaired, which led him to serve on the organization's first board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Beginning with his first election as governor of Maine and continuing to the end of his life, Chamberlain was active in the <a href="Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a>. Despite continual pain and discomfort from his wounds of 1864, he made many return visits to Gettysburg and delivered speeches at soldiers' reunions. He made his last known visit on May 16 and 17, 1913, while involved in planning the 50th anniversary reunion. Because of deteriorating health, he was unable to attend the reunion less than two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

<p>Chamberlain died of his lingering wartime wounds in 1914 in <a href="Portland%2C_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, Maine, at the age of eighty-five. He is interred at <a href="Pine_Grove_Cemetery_(Brunswick%2C_Maine)" title="Pine Grove Cemetery (Brunswick, Maine)">Pine Grove Cemetery</a> in Brunswick, Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside him as he died was Dr. <a href="Abner_O._Shaw" title="Abner O. Shaw">Abner O. Shaw</a> of Portland, one of the two surgeons who had operated on him in Petersburg 50 years previously. A full study of his medical history strongly suggests that it was complications from the wound suffered at Petersburg that resulted in his death.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was said to be the last Civil War veteran to die as a result of wounds from the war and considered by some the last casualty of the war,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Brigadier General <a href="Galusha_Pennypacker" title="Galusha Pennypacker">Galusha Pennypacker</a> died in 1916 of his Civil War wounds.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>Chamberlain's home, located across Maine Street from the Bowdoin College campus, is now the <a href="Joshua_L._Chamberlain_Museum" title="Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum">Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum</a> and is owned by the <a href="Pejepscot_Historical_Society" title="Pejepscot Historical Society">Pejepscot Historical Society</a>, which maintains an extensive research collection on Chamberlain. Memorabilia on display include the <a href="Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">minié ball</a> that almost ended his life at Petersburg, his original <a href="Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MedalFound_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedalFound-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Don_Troiani" title="Don Troiani">Don Troiani</a>'s original painting of the charge at Little Round Top. Tours of the home are conducted by volunteer docents from late May until mid-October.

</p><p>US Route 1A is carried across the <a href="Penobscot_River" title="Penobscot River">Penobscot River</a> between <a href="Bangor%2C_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor</a> and <a href="Brewer%2C_Maine" title="Brewer, Maine">Brewer</a>, Maine, by the Joshua Chamberlain Bridge, a two-lane steel plate girder bridge opened on November 11, 1954.

</p><p>The village of <a href="Chamberlain%2C_Maine" title="Chamberlain, Maine">Chamberlain, Maine</a>, in the town of Bristol, is named for him.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor">Medal of Honor</h3></div>

<p>In September 2013, the original Medal of Honor awarded to Chamberlain in 1893 was donated to the Pejepscot Historical Society, which owns the Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum in Brunswick, after being authenticated by the <a href="Maine_State_Museum" title="Maine State Museum">Maine State Museum</a>, the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, and the Awards and Decorations Branch of the <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a>. The donor, who chose to remain anonymous, found it in the back of a book bought during a church sale at the <a href="First_Parish_Church_(Duxbury%2C_Massachusetts)" title="First Parish Church (Duxbury, Massachusetts)">First Parish Church</a> in <a href="Duxbury%2C_Massachusetts" title="Duxbury, Massachusetts">Duxbury, Massachusetts</a>; Chamberlain's granddaughter Rosamond Allen, his last surviving descendant, had donated her estate to that church upon her death in 2000. Chamberlain's <i>alma mater</i> of Bowdoin College has a 1904 Medal of Honor belonging to Chamberlain in its possession. The original 1893 medal is on display at the Chamberlain Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-MedalFound_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedalFound-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Joshua_Lawrence_Chamberlain" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Author:Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</a></b></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><i>Maine, Her Place in History</i>, his speech at the <a href="Centennial_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Centennial Exhibition">Centennial Exhibition</a> (1877)</li>

<li><i>Ethics and Politics of the Spanish War</i> (1898)</li>

<li><i>Universities and Their Sons</i>, editor (1898)</li>

<li><i>Property: Its Office and Sanction</i> (1900)</li>

<li><i>De Monts and Acadia</i> (1904)</li>

<li><i>Ruling Powers in History</i> (1905)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Passing_of_the_Armies" title="The Passing of the Armies">The Passing of the Armies</a></i> (1915)</li></ul>

<p>A special edition of his Paris report on "Education in Europe" was published by the United States government (Washington, 1879).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_history">Command history</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> (<a href="Second_in_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Second in command">second in command</a> under <a href="Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Adelbert Ames</a>), 20th Maine (August 8, 1862)</li>

<li><a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a>, commanding 20th Maine (May 20, 1863)</li>

<li>Commanding 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps (August 26 – November 19, 1863)</li>

<li>Commanding 1st Brigade (June 6–18, 1864)</li>

<li><a href="Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> of Volunteers (June 18, 1864)</li>

<li>Commanding 1st Brigade (November 19, 1864 – January 5, 1865)</li>

<li>Commanding 1st Brigade (February 27 – April 11, 1865)</li>

<li><a href="Brevet_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> of Volunteers (March 29, 1865)</li>

<li>Commanding 1st Division (April 20 – June 28, 1865)</li>

<li>Commanding 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, <a href="Horatio_Wright" title="Horatio Wright">Wright's</a> Provisional Corps, Middle Department (June 28 – July, 1865)</li>

<li>Mustered out of volunteer service (January 15, 1866)<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<p>Chamberlain emerged as a key character in <a href="Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a>'s <a href="Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning <a href="Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> about Gettysburg, <i><a href="The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> (1974), and in a prequel novel by his son, <a href="Jeff_Shaara" title="Jeff Shaara">Jeff Shaara</a>, <i><a href="Gods_and_Generals_(novel)" title="Gods and Generals (novel)">Gods and Generals</a></i> (1996). Chamberlain is portrayed by actor <a href="Jeff_Daniels" title="Jeff Daniels">Jeff Daniels</a> in the films <i><a href="Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i> (1993) and <i><a href="Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a></i> (2003), based on the books. His portrayal in these books and films significantly enhanced Chamberlain's reputation in the general public, making him into a more popular and well known figure.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tom Eishen's historical novel <i>Courage on Little Round Top</i> is a detailed look at Chamberlain as well as Robert Wicker, the young Confederate officer who fired his pistol at Chamberlain's head during the 20th Maine's historic charge down Little Round Top.

</p><p><a href="Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>'s 1990 nine-part <a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> film <i><a href="The_Civil_War_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Civil War (TV series)">The Civil War</a></i> featured Chamberlain prominently.

</p><p><a href="Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a>'s song "Dixieland" from his album <i><a href="The_Mountain_(Steve_Earle_album)" title="The Mountain (Steve Earle album)">The Mountain</a></i> refers to Chamberlain and the Battle of Gettysburg:

</p>

<p>I am <a href="Buster_Kilrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Buster Kilrain">Kilrain</a> of the 20th Maine and I fight for Chamberlain<br>

'Cause he stood right with us when the Johnnies came like a banshee on the wind<br>

When the smoke cleared out of Gettysburg, many a mother wept<br>

For many a good boy died there, sure, and the air smelled just like death<br>

I am Kilrain of the 20th Maine and I'd march to hell and back again<br>

For Colonel Joshua Chamberlain—we're all goin' down to Dixieland

</p>

</div></blockquote>

<p>The book <i><a href="The_Lost_Regiment" title="The Lost Regiment">The Lost Regiment</a></i> and the subsequent series by author <a href="William_R._Forstchen" title="William R. Forstchen">William R. Forstchen</a> chronicle the adventures of the "35th Maine", a Union regiment from Maine having been transported to an alien planet. The regiment was based on the 20th Maine, with the main character and commander of the regiment, Andrew Lawrence Keane, also being a college professor.

</p><p>In the <a href="Alternate_history_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate history (fiction)">alternate history</a> 2003 novel <i><a href="Gettysburg%3A_A_Novel_of_the_Civil_War" title="Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War">Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War</a></i>, written by Forstchen and <a href="Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, Chamberlain is featured as a character. In the book, an alternate history of the Civil War, Chamberlain makes a heroic stand similar to the real life battle on Little Round Top. Unlike in real life, Chamberlain is overwhelmed, wounded, and forced to surrender, but he survives and returns in the third book of the series, <i><a href="Never_Call_Retreat" title="Never Call Retreat">Never Call Retreat</a></i> (2005).

</p><p>A musical, <i>Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance</i>, with book and lyrics by <a href="Sarah_Knapp" title="Sarah Knapp">Sarah Knapp</a> and music by <a href="Steven_M._Alper" title="Steven M. Alper">Steven M. Alper</a> was commissioned by <a href="Maine_State_Music_Theatre" title="Maine State Music Theatre">Maine State Music Theatre</a> in 1993 and received its premiere at that theatre in July, 1996. That production starred <a href="Mark_Jacoby" title="Mark Jacoby">Mark Jacoby</a> as Chamberlain and Sarah Knapp as Fannie Chamberlain. It was revived in a revised form by Maine State in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its bookwriter, the musical is "an exploration of the perennial conflict between public duty and private devotion. This musical ... not only celebrates a great Civil War hero, but also examines a universal theme: How a person's sense of duty and destiny affect his personal life."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another Forstchen work, "A Hard Day For Mother", is a short story from the first volume in the variety anthology series <i><a href="Alternate_Generals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate Generals">Alternate Generals</a></i> edited by <a href="Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That work is based on the premise of: "what if Chamberlain was on the Confederate side at Gettysburg?" The story assumes that a decade before the outbreak of the Civil War Chamberlain had taken a teaching job at a Virginia military academy and developed a love for the state of Virginia; that with the outbreak of war he joined the Confederate side under Robert E. Lee; that in Gettysburg he gained the Little Round Top for the Confederacy, fighting against his own brother Tom commanding the 20th Maine; that thereby Chamberlain won the battle and the entire war for the Confederacy; that he later remained in the independent Confederacy and was eventually elected its President; and that his reconciliatory attitude towards the North led to Confederacy and the United States eventually holding referendums and freely deciding to re-unite in 1914, following Chamberlain's death.

</p><p>On the Showtime TV series <a href="Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)"><i>Homeland</i></a>, the character Nicholas Brody tells his family the story of Chamberlain, encouraging them to emulate him.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the song "Ballad of the 20th Maine" by The Ghost of Paul Revere (Maine's official state ballad):<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>So we joined the lion of Bowdoin, Chamberlain his name<br>

And we marched once more toward battle as the 20th of Maine

</p>

</div></blockquote><p>The book <a href="The_Sea_of_Monsters" title="The Sea of Monsters">Percy Jackson and the Sea Of Monsters</a> by author <a href="Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a> hints at Chamberlain being a demigod, stating that he single-handedly changed the course of the Civil War.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2></div>

</caption>

<th>Insignia</th>

<th>Component

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td>

<td>August 8, 1862</td>

<td><a href="United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">Volunteers</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td>

<td>Volunteers

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td>

<td>Volunteers

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Brevet</a> <a href="Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td>

<td>March 29, 1865</td>

<td>Volunteers

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg">List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients%3A_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F">List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Eicher-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 168-69.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trulock, p. 26.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain">"Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. January 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soul of the Lion: A Biography of General Joshua L. Chamberlain</i> by Willard M. Wallace, p. 17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ww-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1960" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Willard (1960). <i>Soul of the Lion</i>. Gettysburg: Stan Clark Military Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781879664005</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2023" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. (2023). <i>On Great Fields: The Life and Unlikely Heroism of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</i>. New York: Random House. pp. xviii, <span class="nowrap">8–</span>11, <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34, <span class="nowrap">298–</span>99. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780525510093</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2024" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. (November 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muEVEQAAQBAJ&q=joshua+chamberlain+on+the+great+fields"><i>On Great Fields: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and His Fight to Save the Union</i></a>. Random House. p. 8. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-525-51010-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chase, p. 63.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited in: Thomas A. Desjardin, <i>Joshua L. Chamberlain</i>, Greystone Communication, 1999, p. 22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited in: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Biographies, Ohio State University Ehistory, September 30, 2002.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desjardin, pp. 4–5.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceviews.com/parks/chamberlain.html">"Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain & the 20th Maine at Gettysburg"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=2140">"Valor awards for Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain"</a>. <i>Hall of Valor</i>. Military Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, p. 243.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desjardins, p. 118, states that General Grant personally selected Chamberlain from all of the officers in the army. Marvel, pp. 259–60, attributes the Grant story to Chamberlain's memory in the "dim, distant light of old age." Longacre, pp. 244–47, does not connect General Grant directly to the choice of Chamberlain, and further states that "By the turn of the 20th century, after Chamberlain had commemorated the surrender parade in numerous speeches and publications, some of the Union participants would quarrel with his presentation of events. They would charge him with making it appear that his brigade alone took part in the ceremony, ignoring other elements of the Fifth Corps also present for Gordon's surrender as well as to receive the surrender of General Longstreet's corps that same afternoon. These critics would also charge Chamberlain with implying that he had received arms and flags throughout morning and afternoon instead of during only a portion of the day as evidence suggested. Other veterans would claim that General Bartlett, not Chamberlain, had been Grant's choice to preside at the parade and that Chamberlain took over only because his superior was summoned elsewhere at the last minute. Critics of a later day would even deny that Chamberlain and Gordon had exchanged salutes of honor."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, p. 196.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvel, p. 261.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2017" class="citation journal cs1">Editorial (April 2017). "Four Years, Five Wounds". <i>Civil War Times</i>. <b>56</b> – via Academic Search Ultimate.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton2001" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62875191.pdf"><i>The Practice of Leadership: The Life and Times of Joshua L. Chamberlain</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Las Vegas, Nevada: University of Nevada, Las Vegas. p. 71.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-maine-capitol-riot-of-1880/">"The Maine Capitol Riot of 1880"</a>. <i>New England Historical Society</i>. April 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2021" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Brian (March 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2021/03/02/joshua-chamberlain-stares-down-the-1880-maine-rebellion-part-one-of-two/">"Joshua Chamberlain stares down the 1880 Maine rebellion (part one of two)"</a>. <i>Emerging civil War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ea-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ea_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRines1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Chamberlain,_Joshua_Lawrence">"Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nie-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nie_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Chamberlain,_Joshua_Lawrence">"Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence" </a></span>. <i><a href="New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172058/http://now.msn.com/gen-joshua-chamberlains-missing-medal-mailed-to-maine#scpshrjwfbs">"MSN | Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos"</a>. <i>now.msn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.msn.com/gen-joshua-chamberlains-missing-medal-mailed-to-maine#scpshrjwfbs">the original</a> on September 11, 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Pols-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pols_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPols2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pols, Mary (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downeast.com/history/is-chamberlains-famous-war-horse-secretly-buried-on-this-tiny-maine-island/">"Is Chamberlain's Famous War Horse Secretly Buried on This Tiny Maine Island?"</a>. <i>Down East</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiris.org/news/215/37/A-MAINE-CIVIL-WAR-HERO-MEETS-A-DAUGHTER-OF-THE-SOUTH">"A Maine Civil War Hero Meets a Daughter of the South"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725062149/http://www.theiris.org/news/215/37/A-MAINE-CIVIL-WAR-HERO-MEETS-A-DAUGHTER-OF-THE-SOUTH">Archived</a> July 25, 2014, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.theiris.org, June 20, 2013.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gettysburg1913.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain-and-the-great-reunion/">"Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the Great Reunion"</a>, worldpress.com, April 6, 2013.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Jim. "The Medical Department: A Thorn in the Lion of the Union", <i>Civil War News</i>, October 2000.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick, Bethanne Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent1/?file=cvw_g_chamberlain"><i>Maj. Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain</i></a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MedalFound-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MedalFound_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedalFound_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig2013" class="citation news cs1">Koenig, Seth (September 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2013/09/09/news/state/joshua-chamberlains-original-1893-medal-of-honor-found-at-church-sale-donated-to-brunswick-history-group/">"Joshua Chamberlain's original 1893 Medal of Honor found at church sale, donated to Brunswick history group"</a>. <i><a href="Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a></i>. <a href="Bangor%2C_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor, Maine</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pejepscothistorical.org/chamberlain/chamberlains-medal-of-honor">"Joshua Chamberlain's Original Medal of Honor Donated to PHS"</a>. <i>Pejepscot History Center</i>. September 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1998" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Miles (July 14, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/books/dialogue/9807/shaara/">"Like father, like son: Jeff Shaara completes Civil War trilogy"</a>. The Cable News Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLargent" class="citation web cs1">Largent, Kimberly J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/interview-jeff-daniels-writer-director-actor%E2%80%A6and-student-civil-war">"An Interview with Jeff Daniels Writer, Director, Actor ... and Student of the Civil War"</a>. eHistory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerdino-Süllwold" class="citation web cs1">Verdino-Süllwold, Carla Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadwayworld.com/maine/article/BWW-Interviews-Sarah-Knapp-and-Steven-M-Alper-Revisit-Chamberlain-20140623">"BWW Interviews: Sarah Knapp and Steven M. Alper Revisit Chamberlain"</a>. <i>Broadway World</i>. Wisdom Digital Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp" class="citation web cs1">Knapp, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chamberlainmusical.com">"Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance"</a>. <i>Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance</i>. Knapp & Alper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Alternate_Generals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate Generals">Alternate Generals</a></i>, <a href="Baen" class="mw-redirect" title="Baen">Baen</a>, 1998, a collection of short alternate history stories, edited by <a href="Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> and Roland J. Green.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uchronia.net/label/forshardda.html">"Uchronia: A Hard Day for Mother"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226044445/https://dailysun.bowdoin.edu/2012/01/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain%E2%80%94a-role-model-on-showtimes-homeland/">"Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain—A Role Model on Showtime's 'Homeland'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailysun.bowdoin.edu/2012/01/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain%E2%80%94a-role-model-on-showtimes-homeland/">the original</a> on February 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/local/207/207-interview/the-story-behind-ballad-of-the-20th-maine/97-3d64ef65-d50d-440d-afd3-08c153b673fa">"The story behind "Ballad of the 20th Maine""</a>. June 11, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/biographies/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain">"Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Biography"</a>. <i>Ehistory</i>. Ohio State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902081051/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html">"Civil War (A–L); Chamberlain, Joshua entry"</a>. <i>Medal of Honor recipients</i>. <a href="United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. August 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html">the original</a> on September 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1992" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Joshua L. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingofarmiesa0000cham"><i>The Passing of the Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps</i></a></span>. Bantam. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-553-29992-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChase1893" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Henry (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/representativem00unkngoog"><i>Representative Men of Maine</i></a>. <a href="Portland%2C_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>: The Lakeside Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDesjardin1995" class="citation book cs1">Desjardin, Thomas A. (1995). <i>Stand Firm Ye Boys from Maine: The 20th Maine and the Gettysburg Campaign</i>. Thomas Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57747-034-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEicherDavid_J._Eicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; David J. Eicher (2001). <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. <a href="Stanford%2C_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: Stanford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8047-3641-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEishen2004" class="citation book cs1">Eishen, Thomas (2004). <i>Courage on Little Round Top</i>. Skyward Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-881554-38-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLevinsky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Levinsky, Allan M. (2006). "Chamberlain's Stand Against Political Upheaval: His second Little Round Top". <i>Discover Maine: Maine's History Magazine</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>21.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLongacre1999" class="citation book cs1">Longacre, Edward G. (1999). <i>Joshua Chamberlain: The Soldier and the Man</i>. Combined Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-306-81312-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarvel2000" class="citation book cs1">Marvel, William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placecalledappom00marv"><i>A Place Called Appomattox</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8078-2568-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNatale2013" class="citation web cs1">Natale, Susan (February 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com">"joshualawrencechamberlain.com"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt1996" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Mark (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughbloodfire0000cham"><i>Through Blood & Fire: Selected Civil War Papers of Major General Joshua Chamberlain</i></a></span>. <a href="Mechanicsburg%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania">Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania</a>: Stackpole Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8117-1750-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPullen1999" class="citation book cs1">Pullen, John J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811708869"><i>Joshua Chamberlain: A Hero's Life and Legacy</i></a>. <a href="Mechanicsburg%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania">Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania</a>: Stackpole Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8117-0886-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Diane Monroe (1999). <i>Fanny and Joshua : the enigmatic lives of Frances Caroline Adams and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</i>. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1577470465</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrulock2001" class="citation book cs1">Trulock, Alice Rains (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSRnAQAAQBAJ&q=Joshua+Chamberlain"><i>In the Hands of Providence: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the American Civil War</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1469615660</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWallace1991" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Willard M. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/souloflionbiogra0000wall"><i>Soul of the Lion: A Biography of General Joshua L. Chamberlain</i></a></span>. <a href="Gettysburg%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>: Stan Clark Military Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-879664-00-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLemke1997" class="citation book cs1">Lemke, William (1997). <i>A Pride of Lions: Joshua Chamberlain & Other Maine Civil War Heroes</i>. Covered Bridge Press.</cite></li>

<li>Rasbach, Dennis A. <i>Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the Petersburg Campaign: His Supposed Charge from Fort Hell, his Near-Mortal Wound, and a Civil War Myth Reconsidered</i>. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61121-306-5</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joshua_Lawrence_Chamberlain" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</a></span>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" class="extiw external" title="q:Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua Chamberlain</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?jaffa-colonists-from-maine-receive-government-assistance-in-1867">Joshua Chamberlain Seeks Assistance for Jaffa Adams Colonists, 1867</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.bowdoin.edu/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain/">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Digital Archive at Bowdoin College</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00114">Chamberlain-Adams Family Papers.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles">Schlesinger Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles">Archived</a> 2012-05-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com">www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com</a> A collection of primary resources</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dragoon1st.tripod.com/cw/jlc.html">Index to Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's Pages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/jlchamberlainbio.htm">Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Biography</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219012927/http://www.wickedgoodmaine.com/facts/history/chamberlain.shtml">Joshua Chamberlain: Maine's Favorite Son</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060201231747/http://www.joshua.lurker00.com/">Tribute to Major General Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228133938/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/gettysburg/articles/chamberlain1.aspx">Joshua L. Chamberlain, a Biographical Essay</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lylefrancispadilla.com/chamberlain.html">Medal of Honor recipients on Film</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814010747/http://community.curtislibrary.com/pejepscot.htm">Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum in Brunswick, Maine</a> Managed by the Pejepscot Historical Society</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiris.org">The Iris Network (formerly the Maine Institution for the Blind)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10944">Works by Joshua Chamberlain</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Governors_of_Maine49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">Governors of Maine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="William_D._Williamson" title="William D. Williamson">Williamson</a></li>

<li><a href="Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li>

<li><a href="Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Cutler" title="Nathan Cutler">Cutler</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_G._Hunton" title="Jonathan G. Hunton">Hunton</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_E._Smith" title="Samuel E. Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_P._Dunlap" title="Robert P. Dunlap">Dunlap</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Kavanagh" title="Edward Kavanagh">Kavanagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_J._Anderson" title="Hugh J. Anderson">Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hubbard_(Maine_politician)" title="John Hubbard (Maine politician)">Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_G._Crosby" title="William G. Crosby">Crosby</a></li>

<li><a href="Anson_Morrill" title="Anson Morrill">A. Morrill</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Wells" title="Samuel Wells">Wells</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_H._Williams" title="Joseph H. Williams">Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">L. Morrill</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel_Washburn_Jr." title="Israel Washburn Jr.">Washburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Abner_Coburn" title="Abner Coburn">Coburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidney_Perham" title="Sidney Perham">Perham</a></li>

<li><a href="Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Dingley</a></li>

<li><a href="Seldon_Connor" title="Seldon Connor">Connor</a></li>

<li><a href="Alonzo_Garcelon" title="Alonzo Garcelon">Garcelon</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_F._Davis" title="Daniel F. Davis">Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_M._Plaisted" title="Harris M. Plaisted">H. Plaisted</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Robie" title="Frederick Robie">Robie</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_R._Bodwell" title="Joseph R. Bodwell">Bodwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_Streeter_Marble" title="Sebastian Streeter Marble">Marble</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_C._Burleigh" title="Edwin C. Burleigh">Burleigh</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_B._Cleaves" title="Henry B. Cleaves">Cleaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Llewellyn_Powers" title="Llewellyn Powers">Powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bert_M._Fernald" title="Bert M. Fernald">Fernald</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_W._Plaisted" title="Frederick W. Plaisted">F. Plaisted</a></li>

<li><a href="William_T._Haines" title="William T. Haines">Haines</a></li>

<li><a href="Oakley_C._Curtis" title="Oakley C. Curtis">O. Curtis</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Milliken" title="Carl Milliken">Milliken</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederic_Hale_Parkhurst" title="Frederic Hale Parkhurst">Parkhurst</a></li>

<li><a href="Percival_P._Baxter" title="Percival P. Baxter">Baxter</a></li>

<li><a href="Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Brewster</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Tudor_Gardiner" title="William Tudor Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_J._Brann" title="Louis J. Brann">Brann</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_O._Barrows" title="Lewis O. Barrows">Barrows</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumner_Sewall" title="Sumner Sewall">Sewall</a></li>

<li><a href="Horace_Hildreth" title="Horace Hildreth">Hildreth</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_G._Payne" title="Frederick G. Payne">Payne</a></li>

<li><a href="Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_M._Haskell" title="Nathaniel M. Haskell">N. Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="Burton_M._Cross" title="Burton M. Cross">Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Haskell" title="Robert Haskell">R. Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinton_Clauson" title="Clinton Clauson">Clauson</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">K. Curtis</a></li>

<li><a href="James_B._Longley" title="James B. Longley">Longley</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_E._Brennan" title="Joseph E. Brennan">Brennan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_R._McKernan_Jr." title="John R. McKernan Jr.">McKernan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Baldacci" title="John Baldacci">Baldacci</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_LePage" title="Paul LePage">LePage</a></li>

<li><a href="Janet_Mills" title="Janet Mills">Mills</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_figures6641" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Gettysburg_figures6641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li>

<li><a href="John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li>

<li><a href="Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li>

<li><a href="Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li>

<li><a href="John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li>

<li><a href="James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li>

<li><a href="Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li>

<li><a href="William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li>

<li><a href="J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li>

<li><a href="James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li>

<li><a href="William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li>

<li><a href="David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li>

<li><a href="Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li>

<li><a href="Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li>

<li><a href="Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li>

<li><a href="George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li>

<li><a href="Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li>

<li><a href="Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li>

<li><i><a href="George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li>

<li><a href="George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li>

<li><a href="William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li>

<li><a href="James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li>

<li><a href="George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br>military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li>

<li><a href="John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Flavius_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Flavius Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li>

<li><a href="George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li>

<li><a href="Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li>

<li><a href="T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li>

<li><a href="Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li>

<li><a href="Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li>

<li><a href="William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li>

<li><a href="William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li>

<li><a href="George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_O'Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ario_Pardee%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li>

<li><a href="Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li>

<li><a href="William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li>

<li><a href="Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li>

<li><a href="John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li>

<li><a href="Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Bowdoin_College143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#000000;color:#FFFFFF;"><div id="Presidents_of_Bowdoin_College143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Presidents of Bowdoin College</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_McKeen" title="Joseph McKeen">Joseph McKeen</a> (1802–1807)</li>

<li><a href="Jesse_Appleton" title="Jesse Appleton">Jesse Appleton</a> (1807–1819)</li>

<li><a href="William_Allen_(biographer)" title="William Allen (biographer)">William Allen</a> (1820–1839)</li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Woods_(college_president)" title="Leonard Woods (college president)">Leonard Woods</a> (1839–1866)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Harris_(theologian)" title="Samuel Harris (theologian)">Samuel Harris</a> (1867–1871)</li>

<li><a href="William_DeWitt_Hyde" class="mw-redirect" title="William DeWitt Hyde">William DeWitt Hyde</a> (1885–1917)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_C.M._Sills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth C.M. Sills">Kenneth C.M. Sills</a> (1918–1952)</li>

<li><a href="James_S._Coles" title="James S. Coles">James S. Coles</a> (1952–1967)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Howell%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Howell, Jr.">Roger Howell, Jr.</a> (1969–1978)</li>

<li><a href="Willard_F._Enteman" title="Willard F. Enteman">Willard F. Enteman</a> (1978–1980)</li>

<li><a href="A._LeRoy_Greason" title="A. LeRoy Greason">A. LeRoy Greason</a> (1981–1990)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_H._Edwards" title="Robert H. Edwards">Robert Hazard Edwards</a> (1990–2000)</li>

<li><a href="Barry_Mills_(college_president)" title="Barry Mills (college president)">Barry Mills</a> (2001–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Clayton_Rose" title="Clayton Rose">Clayton Rose</a> (2015–2023)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083881165">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62350909">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/32472">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8RPRqfkj9rykckFMkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119102455">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79027161">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240920775">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276519705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119102455">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132650436">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/119231613">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m90vfp">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/5b22f504-2dc3-4f36-89f7-ecce17a99773">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Joshua_Chamberlain&oldid=1296799148">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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